-Ginecomastia
La ginecomastia è una condizione caratterizzata dallo sviluppo delle mammelle (composte da tessuto ghiandolare e grasso) nell'uomo.
È normale che durante la pubertà si assista ad uno sviluppo della ghiandola mammaria anche nell'uomo ma, dopo breve tempo, questa si atrofizza.
Se l'atrofia non interviene, si ha un aumento di volume che non comporta conseguenze se non di tipo psicologico. Una simile condizione si verifica anche in caso di eccessiva conversione del testosterone in estrogeni, in alcuni casi di iperprolattinemia, o per l'assunzione di ormoni femminili, o per incapacità del fegato di eliminare efficacemente gli estrogeni in eccesso.
In questi casi si parla di ginecomastia vera.
l'intervento chirurgico prevede l'asportazione della ghiandola ipertrofica e dell'adipe

-Gynecomastia
Gynecomastia (also spelled Gynaecomastia) is an endocrine system disorder in which a noncancerous increase in the size of male breast tissue occurs.
Psychological distress or dysphoria may occur.
The development of gynecomastia is usually associated with benign pubertal changes. However, 75% of pubertal gynecomastia cases resolve within two years of onset without treatment.
The pathologic causes of gynecomastia are diverse and may include Klinefelter syndrome, certain cancers, endocrine disorders, metabolic dysfunction, various medications, or may occur due to a natural decline in testosterone production.
Gynecomastia is common.
Physiologic gynecomastia develops in up to 70% of adolescent boys.
Newborns often have temporary gynecomastia due to the influence of maternal hormones.
Adolescent males often have temporary gynecomastia due to hormonal changes during puberty.
Surgcial treatment is required also for aesthetic and mental reasons

-Cisti laterali del collo
Le cisti degli archi branchiali sono residui embrionali caratterizzate dalla comunicazione con l'albero respiratorio.
Spesso si infiammano e producono muco. Il trattamento è chirurgico

-Congenital branchial cysts
A branchial cleft cyst is a cyst as a swelling in the upper part of neck anterior to sternocleidomastoid.
It can, but does not necessarily, have an opening to the skin surface, called a fistula.
The cause is usually a developmental abnormality arising in the early prenatal period, typically failure of obliteration of the second, third, and fourth branchial cleft, i.e. failure of fusion of the second branchial arches and epicardial ridge in lower part of the neck.
Branchial cleft cysts account for almost 20% of neck masses in children.Less commonly, the cysts can develop from the first, third, or fourth clefts, and their location and the location of associated fistulas differs accordingly

-Cisti mediane del collo
Queste neoformazioni sono cisti del dotto tireoglosso; spesso si infiammano e si infettano.
La maggiorparte delle cisti richiede l'asportazione del tragitto fistoloso e dell'osso joide

-Congenital neck cysts
Thyroglossal duct cysts (TDCs) are the most common congenital cyst encountered in the neck, representing 54.6% of all congenital cervical cysts and are three times as common as branchial cleft abnormalities.
Etiology is persistent epithelial remnants of the thyroglossal duct present during descent of the thyroid gland from the foramen cecum to its final position in the anterior neck.
Cystic change is initiated when lymphoid tissue of the neck close to these structures reacts to repeated upper respiratory infections.
TDCs can be found anywhere along the thyroglossal duct, but the majority occur in the midline of the neck close to the hyoid bone.
In a large reported meta-analysis, 60.9% of TDCs were located thyrohyoid, 24.1% were suprahyoid, 12.9% were suprasternal 12.9%, and 2.1% were lingual.
Malignancy is rarely encountered in TDCs (1%), usually papillary or squamous carcinoma.